Maintaining Academic Honesty

How does a student feel when he cheats his way towards academic excellence? What are the consequences of academic dishonesty? Well, these are questions every student must put in mind before engaging in the diverse forms of academic dishonesty. In any learning institution, honesty is a fundamental concept in the process of achieving academic excellence. Thus, it is indispensable for students to sustain academic excellence.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Maintaining Academic Honesty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, a student will achieve this by taking note of the elements that comprise academic dishonesty. It is evident that the skills gained by students through academics portrays their potential and measures up to their future success. Most importantly, students should be aware of the consequences they face from the knowledge center whenever they are caught in academic dishonesty acts. It is thus necess ary to exemplify these acts thus plagiarism, cheating and falsification. Plagiarism entails replicating the work of a different person, devoid of properly mentioning the sources, as a way of acknowledging the original work. It is fundamental to note that some students commit the offense deliberately while others do not grasp what it entails. Plagiarism is thus a grave academic misconduct; furthermore, it is considered morally incorrect (Levy Rakovski, 2006). There is a range of reasons why students employ plagiarism. One of the causes is that students might be under duress from their parents or the scholarship programs to accomplish appropriate and good results. Instead of these students working untiringly to accomplish the superior grades, they merely copy a different person’s thought and try’s to make it their own. Additionally, there are students who do not set aside sufficient time for their academic work; thus, they plagiarize the assignments and exams given by t heir instructors. This is with the aim of saving time thus getting involved in other activities they consider indispensable. It is evident that when students avoid occurrences of plagiarism in their work, they acquire high-quality writing skills. In addition, they are destined to imitate proper scholarly traits in their work such as advanced referencing styles. Originality is an indispensable idea in a student’s learning process; as it enables them extend their knowledge (Levy Rakovski, 2006). Shropshire (1997), affirms that cheating during the educational process as illustrated by exams and assignments is equated to academic misconduct. It is considered a severe academic offence; consequently, the students should be aware of the chastisement that is commensurate to such academic vices.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is further noted that students might engage in cheating because of diverse reasons. One of the reasons is poor preparation for exams thus dreading the possibility of failure. It is equally mentioned that students may cheat due to increased pressure from their edification stakeholder to accomplish high grades. These stakeholders include the parents, guardians; furthermore, the people and institutions financing their education may also apply pressure. It is essential for students to comprehend the consequences that come along with cheating during examination sessions. It is equally affirmed that cheating is regarded as an unscrupulous behavior and an act of deceit. It distorts the students reasoning ability and renders them academic incompetent. In order for students to develop exceptional academic habits, they must deter from the temptation to cheat during the exam process. It is apparent that when students avoid dishonesty as exemplified through cheating, it helps them grapple what they have been taught in class. Honesty all through the exams is a representation of what the student has gained from his studies thus indicating where he ought to put more emphasis (Shropshire, 1997). Falsification according to Smith, Nolan Dai (1998) is also a form of scholastic misconduct and it involves the submission of altered or contrived work for the tutors to assess. For example, a student can submit testing data that he has doctored. This means that the student might not succeed in practically undertaking an experiment, as a result, makes up his own readings or results concerning the trial. Additionally, a student might allude to references that do not exist. It is noteworthy that this academic vices result in diminished genuineness, in a student’s scholastic work. It is a fact that, some students might generate phony letters of recommendations with the purpose of acquiring certain educational favors or services. Honesty is an academic asset that helps students achieve justifiable grades essential in their upcoming car eers. Academic dishonesty diminishes a student’s future opportunities; hence this is considered a high cost to incur (Smith, et al., 1998). Academic honesty is indispensable to learning institutions for various reasons. One of the reasons is that when students are honest it means they have invested in the educational process. It is evident that nothing is accorded for free especially in the education sector; as a result, the students should work hard to accomplish scholastic excellence.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Maintaining Academic Honesty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is notable that the instructors invest significant proportions of time in guiding the students through their academic process. Thus, the students should be pleased about this by working untiringly to realize legitimate grades (Shropshire, 1997). It is evident that academic honesty enables students to undertake their education efficiently without interference. These interferences might include academic warnings, deferment or expulsion from learning institutions. Students should strive to attain academic honesty to permit them sustain an outstanding academic repute in the society. It is a fact that, a student with a distorted academic honesty reputation might be denied entry into erudition institutions. Thus, superior academic reputation is indispensable for an individual to progress their studies (Shropshire, 1997). In conclusion, the basic underpinning of academic honesty is self control. Some of the most renowned forms of studious dishonesty involve plagiarism, prevarication and cheating. It is thus advisable that students should work untiringly to avoid them. It is not forgotten that the practices of academic dishonesty come with severe consequences, which denies an individual, potential opportunities. References Levy, E. Rakovski, C. (2006). Academic dishonesty: A zero tolerance professor and student registration choices. Research in Higher Education, 47:6 735-754. Smith, J. Nolan, R. Dai, Y. (1998). Faculty perception of student academic honesty. College Student Journal, 32:2 305-319. Shropshire, W. (1997). Of being getting: Academic honesty. Liberal Education,  83:4 24-27. This report on Maintaining Academic Honesty was written and submitted by user Kason Holland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why was Bob Dylan the voice of his generation in the sixties and why do his songs continue to resonate today Essay Example

Why was Bob Dylan the voice of his generation in the sixties and why do his songs continue to resonate today Essay Example Why was Bob Dylan the voice of his generation in the sixties and why do his songs continue to resonate today Paper Why was Bob Dylan the voice of his generation in the sixties and why do his songs continue to resonate today Paper With little doubt, Bob Dylan has been one of the most influential characters in popular music within his 40 year career. Although he has experienced significant success in his later work, it has been his sixties material that has caused the biggest impact. His songs of protest were extremely popular in the sixties, particularly among the hippie subculture that was so prominent at the time. As his career and popularity soared, Dylan was soon branded as the voice of his generation and became synonymous with the anti-war and civil rights movements at the time. How Dylan managed to be branded with this tag and how he became to embody the movement is comprehensible through an analysis of his work. Dylan began his career as part of a vibrant folk scene that was happening in America at the time. His popularity soared within this scene after his first self-titled album that was a tribute to his musical influences. In his second album, (The Freewheelin released in 1963) Dylan began to write songs that would be considered protest songs, and these shot Dylan to global fame and recognition, particularly among the newly rising hippie movement. In order to look at why Dylans work captured the voice of this subculture, one must look at the social and political conditions of the time and how his music commented on these conditions. The sixties was a time of great political commotion in America, from tensions in the Cold War, to the cries for civil rights by Americas black community. By the time of Dylans second album, the cold war tensions and the civil rights movements were at their peak. Dylans first protest song, and perhaps his most famous, was called Blowin in the Wind (1) and became adopted by the civil rights movement at the time. Through its rhetoric, the song comments on social injustices and inequalities as well as questioning the action of war. Through this song Dylan asks the question how many years can some people exist before they are allowed to be free? and continues to ask how many times can a man turn his head and pretend that he just doesnt see? . Many felt that this question was related to the civil rights movement at the time, and although Dylan never mentioned the movement in the song, it soon became adopted as a song of the civil rights movement. They felt that these lines reflected the oppression felt among the black community, and questioned the integrity of those who see these injustices but do nothing to stop them. Another song on the album that focuses on the trouble of racism is entitled Oxford Town (2) that contained the lines he went down to Oxford town, guns and clubs followed him down, all because his face was brown and he couldnt get in because of the colour of his skin. Many felt that this summed up the social injustices that blacks faced in America at the time. The segregation of whites and blacks in everyday life was a prominent grievance of the civil rights movement, who felt it unfair that blacks should have to use inferior facilities like having to sit at the back of a bus because the more convenient front seats were reserved for whites. These lines were certainly perceived by the civil rights movement as relating to their cause and Dylan became very popular with the movement. Dylan became actively involved within the movement, performing at the March on Washington where Martin Luther King made his famous I have a dream speech, which only proved to enforce the feeling that Bob Dylan was a protestor and a voice for inequalities. This was one of the only times Dylan was actively involved in politics, yet his association with politics was predictable as he continued to write more protest songs. The main feature of his protest songs was the strong anti-war sentiment that allot of his songs carried. His song Masters of War (3) was a clear attack on those who instigate war and those who build the death planes, those who build all the bombs. He also commented on the economic ironies of war as he claims you sit in your mansion, while the young peoples blood, flows out of their bodies and is buried in the mud. The song depicts the instigators of War to be prosperous, while they get others to do the fighting and sit back and watch, as the death toll gets higher. This was a song that particularly liked by the anti-war movement that was protesting against the current Cuban missile crisis, and continued to be used as protests flared against the Vietnam war in 1965. His other anti-war song from this album was A Hard Rains A-Gonna Fall (4) which was written at the time of the Cuban missile crisis. This hard-rain that Dylan describes was viewed as a reference to nuclear war that so many Americans feared was impending. The fear of nuclear destruction was prominent in the minds of many Americans at the time, especially during the Cuban missile crisis when tensions were high among the two nuclear superpowers of the USA and Russia. The ban the bomb campaigns awakened a new generation of young activists, who were almost predominantly young students. This young rebellion provided Dylan with his first audience, who felt that the subjects in his music directly related to their agitations. Dylan then released an album called The Times They Are A-Changin' which many regard as the finest protest album of all time. The opening song also called The Times They Are A-Changin (5) became a generational anthem. The song is based on the principle that the movement for social change is inevitable and that history will eventually conform to morality. Dylan writes for senators and congressmen please head the call and continues to add theres a battle outside raging, we will soon shake your windows and rattle your walls for the times they are a-changing. This line in particular is very provocative, describing an almost revolutionary image, an image that the young rebellious youth arguably related to. The song never mentions a specific rebellion or situation, yet it was certainly poignant at the time when a rebellious youth threatened the status quo which gave rise to the counter-hegemonic subculture of the hippie movement. This hippie movement treated Dylan as a prophet of sorts, constantly relating to the messages in his music. Dylans song from the same album entitled With God on Our Side (6) was a deconstruction of American nationalist fundamentalism, where he comments on the particular stages of Americas development from the war on the Indians to the present day. Through a use of paradox, Dylan outlines how certain wars have been justified because of the notion that America has God on its side. Dylan relates to the present day situation of nuclear tension by writing but now we have weapons of chemical dust, if forced to fire them, then fire them we must, one push of the button, and shot the world wide, and you never ask questions when Gods on your side. This is a clear attack on the Christian fundamentalism that exists in Americas history and politics, as well as an attack on the fundamentalism that Dylan felt could cause an impending nuclear war. While this song subverted the ideology of Christian fundamentalism, it reinforced the ideologies that existed amongst the counter hegemonic subculture of the hippie movement. This distortion of the dominant ideology of Christian fundamentalism was the reason for the song being branded as a protest song, while the essence of Dylans popularity lay in the reinforcement of the ideologies of the hippie movement and the mass protest movements. This reinforcement of the subculture ideologies was perhaps the reason that Dylan was given the label voice of his generation. Dylans image also tended to embody or speak for the movement. In his early protest years, he was a folk singer and remained extremely popular among the folk music tradition. The image of a folk singer tends to give the impression of the real, where the singer is normally solo and playing a simple acoustic guitar. Folk music is often viewed as the real songs of the people, a true reflection on the lives of the common man as well as being a very expressive form of music. It is often a form of music that emerges from small towns and local gatherings which is perhaps why it is viewed as a pure form of expression rather than music that has been made with the sole purpose of making money. This image of a solo folk singer perhaps gave Dylan an image of being real and untouched by capitalist marketing pressures, an image that would have been popular amongst the hippie subculture. On The Times They Are A-Changin album cover, Dylan looks very reflective yet angry, and the inside sleeve the words what is exactly wrong? Who t picket? Who t fight? are written. The image of an angry reflective youngster along with the sense of agitation from the words on the sleeve would have no doubt been popular amongst the rebellious youth of the sixties, who probably felt they could relate to Dylans agitated and rebellious image. Although his songs were at their most popular in the sixties, his influence and popularity still remain high to this day. In a recent magazine poll, (7) Dylans Masters of War was voted as the greatest protest song of all time by the British magazine MOJO. His protest songs still remain popular and on November 2nd 2004 on the American election night, Dylan played Masters of War in Oshkosh, Wisconsin which had such an impact that Rolling Stone magazine asked the question why is the song still so alive? (8). Even though the song was written in the early sixties, Dylan never referenced any current events in the song. This meant that the songs could have a new meaning applied to them over time. For example, at the Grammy awards in 1991, Dylan played Masters of War on the eve of the Gulf War and even though the song was almost thirty years old it still related to these more current events. His work remained popular amongst other protest movements around the world which can be seen with the use of his lyrics in a republican mural in the New Lodge Road of Belfast (9). The much more recent events such as the attacks on the World Trade Centre and the war in Iraq have also given new meaning to Dylans work. There have been protests against the Iraq war similar to those of the Vietnam War in the sixties, which have provided a possible new audience for the protest songs of Dylan. It may be no surprise with the current waves of protest against the war in Iraq, the sales of Dylan albums has risen significantly. His work can be easily related to these current day events and can perhaps summarize the fears and aggravations of the current anti-war movement. A Hard Rains A-Gonna Fall could be applied to the current fear of attack with biological weapons while Masters of War could be applied to the hatred of the Iraq war. The fact that Dylan never referenced his songs to particular events is perhaps the reason that they still continue to resonate today. His songs were often against war, hunger, oppression and inequalities, and as long as these particular grievances still exist, then his songs will always have new meaning. His songs contained a certain ideology, and as long as these ideologies still exist in society then his songs will remain popular. Todays anti-war and global justice movements have similarities to the movements of the sixties and have given Dylans music a new home and a new resonance. While the current events of the present day give new meaning to Dylans sometimes apocalyptic songs, it is important to realise the power of music as a medium for protest.

Human Resource Management Strategy at Omantel Essay

Human Resource Management Strategy at Omantel - Essay Example Omantel is a prominent telecommunications company in Oman, charged with the role of uniting individuals, families and businesses. It has contributed in uniting the Omani community as well as enhancing global connection. According to the Omantel Annual report 2011 (23), as well as 70% of the respondents, the managerial roles of the Omantel Group are entrusted to the board of directors. This board is composed of eight members, six of whom represents the government function; inclusive of the Board Chairman. The remaining two members are elected by the private sector shareholders during the annual general meeting. This board approves the financial and business policy of the organisation to ensure that the objectives of the company are achieved and the shareholder value is maximised. The board is also charged with the responsibility of presiding over the internal activities of the company and specifying the responsibilities of the executive organisational arm. Other roles include evaluation of the company performance, nominating members of any subcommittees and specifying their roles, appointing the Chief Executive Officer and reviewing the interim annual financial statements. The board of directors prov ides the members of the various committees that completes the management function of the company; executive committee, human resource committee, audit committee and regulatory committee.... Omantel is a prominent telecommunications company in Oman, charged with the role of uniting individuals, families and businesses. It has contributed in uniting the Omani community as well as enhancing global connection. According to the Omantel Annual report 2011 (23), as well as 70% of the respondents, the managerial roles of the Omantel Group are entrusted to the board of directors. This board is composed of eight members, six of whom represents the government function; inclusive of the Board Chairman. The remaining two members are elected by the private sector shareholders during the annual general meeting. This board approves the financial and business policy of the organisation to ensure that the objectives of the company are achieved and the shareholder value is maximised. The board is also charged with the responsibility of presiding over the internal activities of the company and specifying the responsibilities of the executive organisational arm. Other roles include evaluation of the company performance, nominating members of any subcommittees and specifying their roles, appointing the Chief Executive Officer and reviewing the interim annual financial statements. The board of directors prov ides the members of the various committees that completes the management function of the company; executive committee, human resource committee, audit committee and regulatory committee.

Accounting for Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting for Manager - Essay Example If the management expects the revenue to be $700000, then it must not accept the proposal of the landlord as this will increase the annual rent payment to $45500 which is more than the fixed annual rent of $40000. The company can accept the order as this will result in a profit of $400000. This is because the fixed costs remain fixed irrespective of the size of production (National Council on Economic Education, n.d.; Mankiw, 2008, P274). If the order size is 12000 units, the company must not accept the offer as this will result in a loss of $492000. The company has to spend an additional amount of $900000 as fixed costs because of an increase in the total capacity. This is because the fixed costs increase with the increase in the total capacity of the business The maximum order size that the company can accept is 100000 units. This is because beyond this capacity the fixed cost of the company doubles. For producing even one unit beyond the total capacity the company has to incur the total amount of fixed expense as this cannot be adjusted with the number of units produced. The costs have been allocated as direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include the cost of materials and labor cost that can be directly related to the product whereas indirect costs are the costs that cannot be directly identified with the product. The costs relating to general services are apportioned based on sales volume and the costs of the computer department are allocated based on the use. From this the operational income of the Tree division has been calculated as $480000. The net investment of the division is $1600000. This gives a return of 30% on the investment. The performance evaluation can be done using Variance analysis, EVA and return earned on investment. To earn profits the business has to be managed efficiently. ROI is an important tool for evaluating the

Consider the ways in which Radcliffe associates fear and power in The Essay

Consider the ways in which Radcliffe associates fear and power in The Italian - Essay Example The name of the girl is Ellena. Like most romantic relationships ever depicted in works of fiction such as Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare, the love between these two young people is faced with lots of challenges. It is at this juncture where Radcliffe shows the direct connection between fear and power. After Vivaldi’s mother realises that her son is in love with the poor orphan, she immediately takes action to prevent the marriage. She uses Father Schedoni as the hit man to kill the relationship. She promises father Schedoni that she will help him get promoted if he manages to prevent the marriage. Father Schedoni then uses fear and intimidation to separate the two. At this juncture, Radcliffe uses another style of writing to deliver her thoughts on how fear and power is connected. In the story, father Schedoni is seen issuing threats and intimidating Vivaldi. Every time Vivaldi pays a visit to her lover, he meets with a Monk who tells him in an intimidating way that he shoul d leave the girl alone. However, Father Schedoni does not do this in person but rather uses an apparition to appear to Vivaldi. Radcliffe uses this style of writing as a way to not only entertain her audience but also as a way to drive home her point. The story being a renaissance story, it becomes necessary to understand how the inclusion of the spirit world would affect the story. To understand the importance of introducing this side of the story and using this style, one would have to understand how people in the earlier days would react to images of the spirit world. Radcliffe (453-476) discusses the use of ghosts and tries to indicate how this affects Radcliffe’s credibility. There could be a number of reasons why Radcliffe uses this style of writing to deliver her message (Clery, 158). To begin with, the appearance of the father as an apparition and in the form of a monk is an indication of the connection to the mysterious world of spirits, which can make things to be m ore fearsome. Secondly, although father Schedoni could appear as anything else such as a farmer to Vivaldi, he appears as a monk. A monk is a symbol of power and authority and in this case indicates that power and authority comes by fear, what Radcliffe is trying to tell her audience is the fact that to be powerful one has to be feared. Yet, to be feared, one has to frighten other people, to place their lives at risk in order that they will fear and respect him. This kind of attitude to power can be seen even in the modern Italian mafia. Radcliffe also connects fear and power in other ways. For instance, when Vivaldi’s mother uses Father Schedoni to circumvent the marriage, it is an indication of the fact that she is very powerful and that father Schedoni is also scared of her. This is however not exactly revealed until near the end of the novel where father Schedoni realises that Elena is his daughter. Father Schedoni is on a mission to assassinate Elena when he realizes tha t Elena was her blood daughter. After the realisation, he has to protect her and to do so, he has to hide her from Vivaldi’s mother, an indication that he was also scared of her. Fear is also propagated when Signora Bianchi, Elena’s aunt, suddenly and mysteriously dies after allowing Vivaldi to marry Elena and made Vivaldi the guardian of Elena. In this case, Radcliffe is trying to show how the powerful can use not only power, but also actual brutality in trying to keep the balances of power in check. Although it is not entirely clear who killed

The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay

The Short Stories Of Haruki Murakami English Literature Essay Within The Elephant Vanishes, an anthology of short stories by Haruki Murakami, and The Outsider, a novel by Albert Camus, culture is examined and the reader is invited to see culture as following set rules and routines. Through the protagonists, the reader understands that culture observes these behaviours without question and in doing so are robotic. One of the ways this idea is reinforced through references to food. Food is shown to join people ceremoniously and who you share your food with reveals insights about the culture in which you live. Through the action of the texts and first person narratives the protagonist is established as different to the culture. In the short story, Sleep, the protagonist noted, I went to the living room, switched on the floor lamp beside the sofa, and sat there drinking a full glass of brandy (page 84). Although she enjoys alcohol, she has to drink by stealth. She is restricted in her freedom to enjoy alcohol because her husband does not approve of it. Her husbands occupation as a dentist precludes her from eating chocolates until an accidental reminder of old chocolate flakes wedged between the pages of the book I found a few crumbling flakes of chocolate stuck between the pages (page 90). She was then inspired to free herself from the shackles of her husbands dental fraternity norms. She shamelessly indulged herself on this pleasure impulsively, I felt a tremendous urge to have the real thing (page 90). In Sleep, timing for lunch is precisely at eleven forty, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I looked at my watch. Eleven Forty. Eleven Forty! (Page 91, Elephant Vanishes, Sleep). The typical type of food was, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦minced scallionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦buckwheat noodlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦dried seaweedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦tofu (page 91). The reference to the exact time and the type of lunch indicate routine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cup of coffeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦two slices of bread, spread them with butter and mustard, and had a cheese sandwich (Page 89), something which the protagonist wishes to escape from. It is only when she breaks with the conventional rules that she feels as though she is living. The husband sitting on the sofa reading the newspaper shows the cultural routine of people in their everyday life, While I cleared the table, my husband sat on the sofa reading the paper (page 92). I made my husband his usual coffee (page 89). The protagonist is aware of cultural expectations of which her husband doggedly ad here to living through the same routine every day. Anna Karenina lay there beside him, but he didnt seem to notice. He had no interest in whether I read books (Page 92). The husband did not pay attention to his wifes interests or in the fact that it was his own book, which she was reading. It is the routine and monotony that he is occupied with the protagonist lives through every day doing whatever gives her pleasure. This rarity of freedom inevitably leads her to seeking food for pleasure while the husband, so ingrained in routine, appears robotic. Although food symbolically represents routine in The Outsider, it also establishes Meursault as an outsider of the culture. Both of Mersaults friends, Masson and Raymonds immoral behaviour has the culture classify them as outsiders. Due to their unusual behaviours, when these people meet to enjoy food together, it demonstrates that they encompass similar characteristics of personalities which are deemed unconventional from cultural expectations. The protagonist drinks wine to accompany food with Raymond and Masson (page 53). In this context, drinking alcohol is an acceptable practice and culture, both for men and women where it was observed by Mersault that Marie, his girlfriend à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦shed had a bit too much to drink (page 53). However, the fact that when Marie, commented, Do you know what time it is? It is half past eleven (page 53 The Outsider), a fact acknowledged by Masson when he responded, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the time to have lunch is when you are hungry (page 53 The Outsid er), indicates that for Masson, food is an individuals choice not regulated by expectations of a fixed schedule. At his home, Mersault appears to prefer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ smoking, and eating chocolatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ during mealtimes (page 26) The Outsider, while he watched the people below his flat from his veranda. In the text, Meursualt made contemplative observations of people that were dressed differently within the local community that went passed the street, He was wearing a straw hat and a bow tie and carrying a walking-stickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I understand why local people said he was distinguished (page 25-26). This reveals the distinct behaviour of Meursault alongside the normal behaviours of the culture. Similarly, Meursault was also recognised by the individuals that went passed the street, The local girls, with their hair down, were walking arms in armsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I knew several of the girls and they waved to me. (page 27). Later in the evening Mersault went down to buy some bread and some pasta, did my cooking and I ate standing up (page 28, The Outsider), a posture of which is not dictated by conformist practice. Mersaults behaviour and insights reveal how individuals within the community stand out by their mere appearance that are easily recognisable that identifies them to be different or distinguishable. In addition, Meursault does fix his eating schedule by a particular time. This further confirms that he is an unplanned and disorganized person unlike the robot woman (page 45-46) The Outsider. The robot woman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦while she was waiting for her hors doeuvre she opened her bagà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦took the exact sum plus a tipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦meticulous task occupied her throughout the meal (page 46) The Outsider. The robot woman contradicts Meursaults character, in that he would rather follow his distinctiveness with regards to most of his decisions about when, how, where and what to eat. The robot women on the other hand, showed the characteristics of order and direction when she ordered her meal, She called Celeste over and ordered her whole meal at once, speaking precisely but rapidly. (page 46) of which afterwards she dived into her bag again and took out a blue pencil and a magazine which gave the radio programmes for the week. One by one, she very carefully ticked almost every programmeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (page 46). From this rigmarole, the robot womans actions seem to follow a set of routine. In the story, The Second Bakery Attack, the protagonists were newly married and did not pre-empt stocking food in their house, Our refrigerator contains not a single item that could be technically categorized as food (page 37). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a bottle of French dressing, six cans of beer, two shrivelled onions, a stick of butter, and a box refrigerator deodorizer (page 37). This is a symbol of how empty their lives are. Although they work, go to bed at set times, conforming to the routines of work, they are metaphorically, unsatisfied. The couples conformist behaviour seems to set them to their hunger. In order to find a cure to break their hunger, the couple opposed convention by robbing Mc Donalds, Attack another bakery. Right away. Now. Its the only way. (page 43). During the robbery, the manager of the store showed typical characteristics of conventionality by the requirements of conformation from the upper authority saying, I cant do that. Ill be held responsible if I close up w ithout permission (Page 46). From this, it shows that the larger majority of the culture such as the manager and workers are similar to the robot woman in that their lives are dictated by order and routine and only a very small proportion of people operate in a non-conformist mode. Finally, in The Wind-up Bird and Tuesdays Women, the protagonist cooks spaghetti for breakfast. He chooses to live outside the routine of the culture and this is reflected by his choice of cooking and eating spaghetti in the morning, Spaghetti?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Its only ten-thirty in the morning. What are you doing cooking spaghetti at ten-thirty in the morning? (page 5, The Wind-Up Bird and Tuesdays Women) asked the woman who telephoned home for ten minutes of his time. In both The Elephant Vanishes by Haruki Murakami and The Outsider by Albert Camus, food are focused as a symbol that represents routine or an individuals desire to have freedom. The role of the characters is reflected in the type of food they chose to eat, where and when the repartee of food takes place. When any of these involvements of food varies, one can discern that these characters may be quirky, eccentric or stand-alone in their relationship to the larger culture. (Word Count: 1428)

The Connections Between Artificial Intelligence and Other Fields Essay

The Connections Between Artificial Intelligence and Other Fields. Abstract Through examples from several fields, this paper will describe the connections between Artificial Intelligence and other areas. Some of these areas make great contributions to AI research, others gain knowledge and technique from that same AI research. This paper will further detail the incredible capacity of AI research to be applied elsewhere to solve similar problems. The goal of this paper is to describe to the reader the impact that AI can create on seemingly unrelated fields. Introduction While Ginsberg defines artificial intelligence as "the enterprise of constructing a physical-symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing test", it is about much more than that (Ginsberg 8). It is about creating a solution where one may not have existed, and eventually programming a machine to do the same. This incredible capacity to find solutions is what AI offers to so many other fields. Artificial intelligence research is not tied to the fields of engineering, psychology, or even computer science. The techniques used in AI have found uses within a large number of other fields. Within the course of this paper, the elements of AI will be outlined, and the way in which they benefit other fields will be explored. Several examples of these fields will be described, and the way in which they incorporate AI will be discussed. Two or three of these fields will be discussed in much greater depth in the second paper, to be completed before December 5th. The reason that artificial intelligence is such a popular field for use by others is that it does not cater to an incredibly specific audience. One of the principle goals of AI research is to help prepare a .. ...ork), and not on theoretical AI. As the technology advances, and more and more lives depend on computers, I can only predict that the reach of AI influences will widen, until it eventually benefits all of us. Bibliography- BotSpot "The Spot for All Bots on the Net", http://www.botspot.com/main.html, Visited Nov. 3 1997 Dankel, Dr. Douglas D. CAP6635 lectures and lecture notes. (Numbered by slide), Fall semester 1997 Ginsberg, Matt; Essentials of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufman Publishers, San Francisco; 1993 Interactive Systems Labs - JANUS project, http://www.is.cs.cmu.edu/ISL.speech.janus.html, Visited Nov. 3 1997 Interactive System Labs - Speech Recognition, http://www.is.cs.cmu.edu/ISL.speech.recog.html, Visited Nov. 3 1997 Pittsburgh Area Cognitive Tutoring (PACT), http://sands.psy.cmu.edu/ACT/awpt/algebra-home.html, Visited Nov. 1 1997

In What Ways and to What Extent Was China Modernized During the Republican Period (1912-49)?

In what ways and to what extent was China modernized during the Republican period (1912-49)? After the fall of Qing Dynasty in 1911, the unprecedented, new form of government emerged in China immediately. Whereafter the betrayal of the Republic of Yuan Shikai (1913-1916) and the turmoil of Warlordism (1916-27), China was in a relative stable situation till the Nationalist Government was established in Nanjing in 1928, a period first possible for any modernization effort.That is, most of the modernization efforts, both externally and internally, which including diplomacy, financial, industry, education, of the Republican period (1912-49), were done in the Nationalist Government period, from 1928-37, and subsequently disturbed and made impossible by the Sino-Japanese War. The external modernizations made by the Nanjing Government were unprecedented, which revealed by the revival of tariff autonomy and recovery of foreign concessions. Diplomatically, during the Nanjing Government period , the tariff autonomy was regained, to replace the fixed tariff of 5 percent ad valorem imposed after the Opium War in 1842.Adding to this, in 1928, two guiding principles in which treaties and agreement s that had expired would be abolish and renegotiated according to legal procedures. That is, the foreign powers agreed in principle to give up their consular jurisdiction. Furthermore, several municipal foreign concessions, including the one in Hankow, Kiukiang, Chinkiang, Weihaiwei, Amoy and Tientsin, were recovered. And in 1943 finally the United States and Britain voluntarily abolished all unequal treaties with China. The century-long humiliation upon the Chinese was finally abolished while China could gain a place in the foreign diplomatic map.Internally, political structure was modernized in terms of the clear establishment of separating powers as changed from the absolute Chinese monarchical rule. The dominant feature of the Nanjing Government was its five-yuan structure, incl uding the Executive Yuan, the Legislative Yuan, the Judiciary Yuan, the Examination Yuan and the Control Yuan. Each Yuan owned their special authorities in the Government politics. This fulfilled The Three People’s Priciples, the Five-Power Constitution, the Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, proposed by Dr Sun Yixian.In 1928, the Nanjing Government also brought China into the Period of Political Tutelage. Although the Executive Yuan was different to the Western practice, in terms of the organ was responsible to the party (KMT) and the president of the republic (Jiang Jieshi), basically, the political structure was modernized in the Nanjing period. Besides, people mind was modernized in terms of voicing their opinions actively and bravely. The 1911 Revolution gave a new sense to the people that mass opinion could place a weigh in the society, which was unprecedented in Chinese history.This could be reflected by several mass movements since 1912, Chinese people were brav e to voice their opinion upon social, mostly, and foreign affairs. The most notable were the May Fourth Incident in 1919, and the May 30th Atrocious Incident in 1925. Chinese people in the former successfully voiced their nationalism of which not accepting the unfair treatment in the Paris Peace Conference, used mass power to give pressure on the exiting government, forcing it to release strikers, and striking a general boycott on Japanese goods.The Chinese participated in both incidents were diverse, including students, workers and merchants alike. This showed the modernized, mature mind of Chinese people. Politics was modernizing in terms of the circulation of different opinion freely: the emergence of the Nationalist Party and Communist Party. Although the Nationalist Party, the KMT (Kuomintang), was established and in power immediately after the 1911 Revolution, the rapid intellectual development was not barred from that.Amid those eagerness to acquire western ideologies and ref orming China, different â€Å"isms† were introduced. Confronting to the relatively more capitalistic KMT, the CPC, the Communist Party of China, emerged at the same time. Until 1949, the two ideology-confronted parties were working in China, which showed a relatively modernized Chinese society that could allow different ideologies. Practically, many modernization efforts were made by the Nationalistic Government domestically. In the financial aspects In the industrial development aspects,In the education aspect, But all the modernizations mentioned above were constrained to a limited extent. This was mainly because the interference of internal and external upheavals: the warlord periods and the Sino-Japanese War. These modernization efforts could only be done in the Nationalist Government period, from 1928-37, this confined the scope and the extent. Secondly, there was no any social and economic reform. Thirdly, all modernization efforts were confined to the coastal areas, an d untouched by the vast rural mass.Also the classes incurred in several mass movements were yield to the hard life in wars and no longer willing to voice their opinion. Fourthly, there were no modernizations on the majority population: peasants. Fifthly, the multi party politics was never realized in China, and the introduction of constitution never materialized six years after 1928. Only external modernizations were realized and truly beneficial to Chinese, the majority Chinese. The internal material modernizations were only confined to the Nationalistic Government period, and limited places in China.

Macbeth the first peformance essays

Macbeth the first peformance essays The First Staging of Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeares first production of Macbeth was performed at the Old Globe Theatre in 1606. At the time James I was the king of Great Britain and Scotland. In 1606 his brother-in-law Christian IV visited King James. Many scholars suggest that Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in honor if Christians visit. The connection between King James I and Macbeth can be seen in many elements of the script. First, Banquos character is portrayed as an honest and strongman. He was to have been a descendent of the king. Second it believed that Shakespeare added witchcraft to the plot only to please the king (Asimov 1). Some scholars argue that Shakespeare first presented Macbeth in front of the king of Denmark at Hampton Court (Kay 318). But, there is little evidence to support that theory. The King probably went to the Old Globe Theatre to see Macbeth. Few specifics are known about the original Globe Theatre. It is believed to have been eight sided. It was an outside theatre that took on a round appearance and stood three stories high. The Globe theatre had a platform stage where the audience sat on three sides. It was similar to a modern day thrust theater. The original Globe theatre burned down in 1613. The thatch roofing and plaster building caught on fire during a performance if Henry XII. Most of the evidence left of the globe theatre is found in Shakespeare stage directions of his plays produced at this theatre. It is believed that the stage had four trap doors. Three smaller ones that the actor was able to walk up to and a larger one that required machine help. It was in these trap doors that the witches came out of, each having their own door. The cauldron was raised and lowered with smoky effects. This information is supported by the line that Macbeth speaks Why sinks that cauldron (Nagler 23). It questionab le if the center stage platfor...

Faith Is Being Sure Of What We Hope Religion Essays

Faith Is Being Sure Of What We Hope Religion Essays Faith Is Being Sure Of What We Hope Religion Essay Faith Is Being Sure Of What We Hope Religion Essay Faith is being certain of what we hope for and certain of what we do non see. This is a large portion of believing in God and even life itself. We have faith in everything from a auto non halting in the center of the interstate, to the roof on are house non tumbling down on us as were sitting on our couch. We do nt personally travel and look into every bolt and prison guard on an aeroplane before we let a alien fly us through the air. This is because we have great religion in the aeroplane and the pilot. To hold faith in God is nt a wages we are given by how much clip we read the Bible or by how much we go to church. Faith is a gift from God. We are given religions by believing that Jesus is the Christ, the boy of God. Without religion it is impossible to delight God, because anyone who comes to him must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who seriously seek him. ( Hebrew 11:6 ) To hold religion we besides have to obey God. Our interior attitude does non specify religion entirely. ( James 2:17 ) In the same manner, religion by itself, if it is non accompanied by action, is dead. ( James 2:19-24 ) You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the devils believe that- and frisson. You foolish adult male, do you desire grounds that religion without workss is useless? Was non our ascendant Abraham considered righteous for what he did when he offered his boy Isaac on the alter? And the Bible was fulfilled that says, Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness, and he was called God s friend. You see that a individual is justified by what he does and non by faith alone. A individual is justified by workss merely by adult male ; because adult male can non see our religion. Our religion is justified by God. Our workss do non salvage us, but they are the grounds to our salvaging religion. If we could salvage ourselves by workss, Jesus has no n done any aid for us. Faith saves us and faith entirely. ( Ephesians 2:1-2 ) For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and this non from yourselves, it is the gift of God-not by plants, so that no 1 can tout. For we are Gods craft, created in Christ Jesus to make good plants, which God prepared in progress for us to make. : The adherents had great religion and sometimes we desire to hold faith like them. Since we have non seen Jesus and still believe we have greater religion. Because you have seen me you have believed, blessed are those who have non yet seen but still believe. ( John 20: 29 ) Peoples that have seen Jesus and believe will non be punished, but that the people that have non seen Jesus and still believe are blessed. By holding religion and believing in God we will hold everlasting life. But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the boy of God, and that by believing you may hold life in his name. ( John 20:31 ) HOW TO Get FAITH? To acquire religion we have to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God and we will acquire the gift of religion and have life in his name. Faith can besides come through the message through the word of Christ. ( Romans 10:17 ) Consequently, religion comes from hearing the message, and the message is heard through the word of Christ. Sometimes we will hold a job believing that Jesus is the Christ, the boy of God and that he died on the cross for our wickednesss. We should so, fill are egos with God s word and chew over it with our bosom. To make this we should read the Bible. We will shortly recognize that Jesus is the manner the truth and the life. ( John 14:6 ) Once we become a Christian and have great religion, we can compare our life to what it used to be without God and we can see that the battles were harder when we did non hold God taking us through them. We know that our religion will non ever remain at the same degree. ( 2 Thessalonians 1:3 ) aˆÂ ¦.because your religion is turning more and moreaˆÂ ¦ . We can pray, analyze the Bible, go to church, and serve God. These things will non give us faith, but they can assist us turn in our religion. We should ever go on to praise the Godhead as a forfeit! ( Hebrews 13:15 ) We should continually offer to God a forfeit of congratulations. This will besides assist us turn in Faith. Sometimes we get caught passing all of our clip shopping, cookery, and even work. This will devour all of our ideas and God will be easy pushed out of our lives, so when we have a job we will travel to God and utilize him to assist us with our jobs but we will neer believe to give thanks to him. You should pass most of your clip reading the bible, praying to God, and thanking him for everything he has given us. Jesus died on the cross for us and has given us some really great things ; the least we could make is thank him for the material he has given us and praise him with all we have. If we have done some truly bad things in our life and do nt believe that God would of all time forgive us or even love us any longer, believe once more! God will ever love us and forgive us, no affair what we have done. We could be the 1s non honouring our female parent and male parent or hold even murdered person, but they are both wickednesss, both holding effects. Everybody wickednesss and if we merely inquire for forgiveness and believe, we will hold everlasting life and your journey with the Lord will go on in the right way. When we accept God into your bosom, our life will non be perfect. It does hold great things that come with it though! If we have struggles in our life that you think will neer travel off, we can pray to God and he will assist us through it. When a job comes up and we have nil left, we can ever number on God to be at that place for us! God is the 1 that we will ever necessitate and the 1 that will ever love us! To cognize God will ever forgive and love us, should give us the bravery to love and forgive our enemies. If we are endeavoring to travel in the right way and want to populate our life praising, and functioning God, the door will ever be unfastened. To inquire Jesus Christ to be in our life is easy but it will be the biggest determination we will do in our whole full life. God has led me to make many things that will assist his land grow and they were things I neer thought of making, but through religion I did it and I was rewarded. Faith is a large thing in everyone s life, I encourage everyone to travel out and make the thing that God is naming you to make. This thing might be really difficult to understand or you might non swear that he will acquire you through it but God has a program for us and he will steer us through it and honor us for what we have done. We need to utilize religion and trust in God as we take these stairss into the right journey. Doubts Doubts are when we are disbelieving about something or have undecided feelings. Doubts can come running in our life at a bolting velocity, and will vie with everything for are attending. Sometimes we can be submerging in uncertainty until something reassures us of our religion. ( Proverbs 3:5 ) Trust in the Godhead with all your bosom and thin non on your ain apprehension ; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will do your waies directly. If we are a true Christians and human existences, we will see uncertainties. We have non seen Jesus therefore we will hold uncertainty. There will be a point when we hit something that will do us make up ones mind between religion and uncertainty. This will assist us turn in Faith. In the Bible there were people that had non believed in Jesus until they had seen him. Thomas did non believe the other 11 adherents when they had said ( John 20:25, 27 ) we have seen the Lord. Thomas said Unless I see the nail Markss in his custodies and set my finger where the nails were, and set my manus into his side, I will non believe it. Jesus so came in through the locked doors and said Peace be with you! Put your finger here ; see my custodies. Reach out your manus and set it into my side. Stop doubting and believe. Doubts are nt ever a bad thing though. Doubts can assist steer us through our journey with God. When we have uncertainties we might non believe that we will still hold everlasting life in Heaven, but uncertainties can assist us hold greater religion in the long tally. When we doubt we will inquire more inquiries to happen out everything we want to cognize. We will larn why God is the reply and why the other theories have no manner of being possible. We will besides get down reading the Bible more and traveling to church more so we reassure are faith. Doubts do nt intend you re non a Christian or that you do nt hold faith, it merely means that you doubt because we believe in God and he is unobserved! Doubts are normal in life. Its difficult to construct so much religion up of something that we have non seen and non cognizing if it s traveling to be true until we see it, but we need to believe and swear in the Godhead. Have you of all time got caught believing Possibly God is nt existent. Or possibly Is it to good to be true? or How could God hold done this? But the truth it is a great thing that God made this Universe. If we think about it God Is REAL because who could hold made this Earth? Who could hold made us? It had to be person so great merely like God. Sometimes we even doubt because we have prayed and what we prayed did non travel are manner or we got hurt by a loved one death. God disciplines us because he treats us as sons- everyone has had subject. God disciplines us for our good, it is painful at the clip but subsequently you have a crop of righteousness and peace for us if we are trained by it. ( Hebrews 12:7-13 ) Endure adversity as subject ; God is handling you as boies. For what boy is non disciplined by his male parent? If you are non disciplined ( and everyone undergoes subject ) , so you are illicit kids and non true boies. Furthermore, we have all had human male parents who disciplined us and we respected them for it. How much more should we subject to the Father of our liquors and unrecorded! Our male parents disciplined us for a small while as they thought best ; but God disciplines us for our good, that we may portion in his sanctity no subject seems pleasant at the clip, but painful. Later on, nevertheless, it pro duces a crop of righteousness and peace for those who have been trained by it. Therefore, beef up your lame weaponries and weak articulatio genuss. Make degree waies for your pess so that the square may non be disabled. Sometimes we will pray to God, proving him so that we can believe. We will state him God if you let me acquire a occupation publicity or acquire on the high school hoops squad the following twenty-four hours so I will believe. When that does nt go on it does non intend God is non existent or does nt reply supplications, it merely means that we want the occupation publicity or the high school hoops squad more than we would love to believe in God. God is non a individual that will manus us things when we so want, but does reply our supplications. ( Jeremiah 33:3 ) Name to me and I will reply you and state you great and unsearchable things you do non cognize. He besides promises to reply are supplications. ( Isaiah 65:24 ) Before they call I will reply ; while they are still talking I will hear. Once we see beyond the image of God giving us what we wish for, his word promises we have assurance that we will have anything we ask for. ( 1 John 3:21-22 ) Dear friends, if our Black Ma rias do non reprobate us, we have confidence before God and receive from him anything we ask, because we obey his bids and make what pleases him. God is non a force that is merely someplace. God is everyplace and he is a God that is personal with us and he is the spirit. He cares for us and he knows us all and even the figure of hairs on our caputs. ( Luke 12:7 ) Indeed, the really hairs of your caput are all numbered. It is easier to recognize that God is existent when you know that he is non a fairy tale or a force ; he is the spirit. THE End Life is an experience of life. We have two lives. One is where we are born from a human being on Earth and the other is when we die we will be born once more and we will be sent to Heaven to be with God. Here on Earth we have problems mentally, physically, spiritually, and many other ways, but in Heaven it is perfect. ( Revelation 4:1-3 ) Heaven is where God lives. It is where God is on his throne and is the full and complete look of God s kingship. Heaven has no hurting, sorrow, deceases, shouting, or unhappiness. In the Bible there is non a batch of information on Heaven is traveling to look or be, we merely know that it will be a perfect topographic point! We can merely conceive of what Heaven will be like, but God has manner better programs so we could of all time come up with, or even conceive of. If we saw a sign of the zodiac we would consider that the houses in Heaven will be three times as large, but that is non what they will be like because it would non be superior plenty. Heaven is a wages for those who overcome everything in the life we are populating. ( Revelation 3:21 ) Heaven offers wagess for those who overcome in this life. To acquire to Heaven we do nt merely unrecorded life, we have to believe in God as were populating! ( John 3:16 ) For God so loved the universe that he gave his 1 and merely boy, that whoever believes in him shall non die but have everlasting life. One of the many huge things about Heaven is there is neer a clip when God runs out of suites. ( John 14:2 ) In my Father s house are many suites ; if it were non so, I would hold told you. God does non direct merely the best people, that have greater religion, or the 1s that have done better things, he will direct everyone to Heaven that believes in him.

Preschool Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preschool Education - Essay Example Accepting pre-school education has become a status symbol in some societies, while some countries are still not comfortable with the idea of preschool education for their loving children for not wanting to be on the competition too early. However, the early training of young ones and making them to prepare for the school education has its importance, when carried out under the proper systematic environment. The history of pre-school education started very early days. In France, before they were officially called "ecoles maternelles" (nursery schools) - a name given then in 1848- they were known as "salles d'asile" (refuge rooms)(Mialaret, 1976). Since that time pre-school education has been considered a place where children can be kept under loving care of a particular teacher or care taker and at the same time learns some new things which makes him to understand about the growing world. In this context, pre-school education has served its purpose. It prepares a child for higher school education. Thus pre-school education under systematically planned curriculum make children to develop his learning skills, emotional level, spiritual outlook and the attitude towards his own little colleagues. He practically becomes part of the larger society. In view of the increasingly rapid expansion of preschool education in a large number of countries, and as a result of the inclusion, during the 1970s, of nursery schools in the Unesco Associated Schools Project, education for peace has begun to attract the attention of teachers and teacher educators concerned with pre-school education (UNESCO, 1). Research has established that preschool education can produce substantial gains in children's learning and development (Barnet, 2002; quoted in Barnett and Hustedt, 54-57). Poverty is sometimes so extreme that parents are forced to exploit even the youngest of their children by making them work or frequently, by sending them out begging (UNESCO, 27). This situation can be largely avoided by the government funded pre-school ed ucation. Such systems are seen successful in many developing countries and, many under privileged children have been brought up with dignity and purpose. Other long term benefits for pre-school education include increased high school graduation rates and decreased crime and delinquency rates (Barnett and Hustedt, 54-57). Many research studies have confirmed preschool's positive effects on school readiness and school success, especially for our most disadvantaged children (Barnett and Hustedt, 54-57). While supporting pre-school education strongly, every parent thinks differently in the developing world and some of them in developed countries also. They think that, sending their children too early out of home and, to an unknown environment might harm their children's behavior and also feels anxious to be exposed to the unknown people. Many countries in Asia and Africa still are not very comfortable with the idea of pre-school education. They think that children below the age of five or six should be allowed to grow freely by interacting with other members of the family and learning from the nature. Such

Leadership (Task oriented and People oriented) Essay

Leadership (Task oriented and People oriented) - Essay Example People-oriented leadership is quite different from task-oriented leadership, involving a focus on interpersonal relationship development between leader and subordinates. There is an emphasis on team-building and facilitating an open system of communications in order to motivate employees. People-oriented leadership works to create positive psychological or sociological connections with employees, a type of transformational leadership, with much more human resources-based policies and practices designed to gain commitment and ensure that there is no resistance to change. Having defined both task-oriented and people-oriented leadership styles, there are several circumstances where each would be applicable. Task-oriented leadership would be most relevant within an organization where there are strict quality standards and performance expectations. For instance, Toyota, a leader in quality, would be concerned with compliance to specific rules and regulations associated with production and achievement of quality outputs. A task-oriented leader would develop rigorous schedules in order to produce quality results. In this type of production environment, there would be established important quality expectations that are expected to be met, creating a system of rewards or punishments for failing to produce quality products along the production system. The task-oriented leader at a company such as Toyota would have strict deadlines in place to ensure timely delivery of quality products and then working to monitor and evaluate whether the employees have met with delivery and performance expectations. A people-oriented leader would be relevant within an organization where service delivery is highly important for ensuring business profitability. This people-oriented leader would begin emphasizing training importance and working as a coach to help individuals in the organization become self-actualized, the achievement of their maximum potential. It is about building a positiv e organizational culture where focus is placed on building self-confidence, better inter-organizational relationships, and where social belonging is an important part of building a team necessary to carry out positive customer service models. To develop this type of culture, the manager must be visible throughout the organization, role model positive behaviors related to service delivery, and open effective and regular lines of communication for shared decision-making (Fairholm 26). Task-oriented leadership is also found outside of the workplace, such as in academics when students are granted opportunities to coordinate and lead a team of study or in special academic projects. Many universities establish strict deadlines by which a team is expected to return a positive end result after collaborating with one another. A task-oriented leader would develop specific job roles required to achieve a group project, such as delegating research efforts, conducting market research, and the ac tual writing of the project to different members. It would then become a step-by-step process with clearly defined roles and then establishing a system by which to monitor and control activities to ensure maximum productivity. People-oriented leadership is also relevant outside of the workplace and an appropriate example of this would be when working as a grief counselor at the local charity. Individual staff members