Gender Differences and Memory - 949 Words

Experience plays an immense role in presenting the desolation that age and education has on ones capacity to remember. Individuals compare and contrast the correlation between these two variables; for example, the greater ones age the less recollection they seem to have. However, Psychologists Agneta Herlitz and Jenny Rehnman challenged this case by presenting a similar a preposition comparing two opposite variables: Does one’s sex affect his or her ability to remember day to day events? The interconnection between sex and memory is surprisingly a controversial topic. According to the research they provide, an individual’s sex does, indeed, play an immense role in commemorating the affairs that arise day to day. The human brain consists†¦show more content†¦Taking in the research and knowledge of episodic memory mentioned earlier in this paper, it is easier to determine the answer of the argument between Joan and John. Joan and John are in a romantic relationship, and have been in the relationship a long time. However, they get into an argument relating to the question Herlitz and Rehnman challenged: Does one’s sex affect his or her ability to remember day to day events? Joan believes women have better memory; whereas, John believes men have better memory. In John’s argument he considers remembering the route to their old favorite restaurant enough proof to validate men having better memory. However, according to research John’s memory of this incident is a decent practical memory, but not a decent intimate memory; the memory of the route is not a memory of what happened between them two. However, John’s remembrance of this does demonstrate Agneta Herlitz and Jemmu Rehnman’s theory that men tend to be better at visuospatial tasks than verbal-production tasks. Another detail that counterfeits John’s argument provided in the article explores how the most prevalent sex difference occurred when participants were asked to remember the route walked in the maze. Since in this case John was able to recall the route this confirms the invalidity of John’s argument. OnShow MoreRelatedGender Differences Of Short-Term Memory1008 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past, numerous psychologists have conducted studies on short-term memory. George Miller, in his experiments, (as cited in Weiten, 2013) discovered that humans can hold 7 items, plus or minus 2 items, in their short-term memory. Psychologists after Miller such as Cowan conducted experiments as well as believe that this number is actually 4, plus or minus 1. Cowan believed that the reason Miller came up with the number 7 was because he did not account for chunking in his experiment (Cowan, 2010)Read MoreEssay about Gender differences and autobiographical memories1599 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Autobiographical memory is essentially a system that contains episodic memories from individuals’ lives, autobiographical memory is what makes each and every one of us different to another, and essentially what forms the self, connecting us to others, history and the future. â€Å"Autobiographical memories from the mundane to the profound, help form the self, they provide personal historical context or personal biography for who we are now: they are in essence a ‘database’ of the self.†(ConwayRead MoreDifferences Between Male And Female Brain1536 Words   |  7 PagesAre there physical differences in the male and female brain? Are there gender differences in memory? If there are differences, do they begin as early as childhood or adolescence? As we age, and experience life, are men or women more superior in the recollection of memories? Even a novice in the study of gender and memory could presume that male and female’s brains are different, and they would presume correctly as evidenced by the results of many studies performed and the articles written to recordRead MoreTypes Of Memory And Memory Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe memory of the event in your mind that was stored in your long term memory. There are three diff erent types of memory each one having a different purpose. First being the long term memory which stores memory’s for long periods of time. Next is short term memory also known as working memory which only last for an estimated 15-30 seconds. Finally is sensory memory which is the ability to remember sensory information. Throughout time it has been constantly said that women have better memory thanRead MoreThe Role Of Gender And The Ability For One s Mind At Store And Remember Information1441 Words   |  6 PagesMemory is the faculty of the brain that stores information for later recall, it is the brain function that allows us as humans to learn and remember information. Brain function is prevalently influenced by gender in many aspects; contrasting performance between male and females in various memory tasks has been observed in numerous studies over time (Andreano Cahill 2009). Men forgetting important dates such as birthdays or an anniversary and women not remembering t heir way to a certain place orRead MoreThe Differences Between Men And Women1590 Words   |  7 PagesGender differences in memory Introduction There are many differences when it comes to comparing men and women. There are not only physical appearance differences but there are also internal working mechanisms of their bodies that are different. Men and women differ genetically, physiologically, and psychologically (Loftus, Banji, Schooler, 1987). Not only does battle of the sexes occur in real world situations, scientists argue back and forth as to which should be superior in terms of cognitiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex Hormones On The Development Of Prefrontal Cortex847 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Gender differences have been recorded by researches from single neurons in the cell to system level processes (Cahill 2006), and certain scientists proposed that sex hormones influence the development of prefrontal cortex, and this is supposed to be the cause of the differences in working memory performance (Duff Hampson, 2001). This study further investigated the existence and nature of this gender difference. A sample of 497 Monash University psychology undergraduates (385 females andRead MoreSex and Short-Term Memory Essays1297 Words   |  6 Pagesbelief that women have a better memory than men, and it is tough to say whether this recurring theme in entertainment is a product of this belief, or if it is the influence that has lead to the widespread assumption that women are better at remembering (Knox 1; Loftus et al. 19). In any case, research has shown that this universal notion can only be partially validated; while women are generally superior when it comes to long-term mem ory and aspects of short-term memory such as multitasking and rememberingRead MoreThe Boundaries Of Childhood Amnesia Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesMacdonald et al., 2000; Peterson et al., 2000; Tusin and Hayne 2010; Wang Peterson, 2014 2016). Childhood amnesia occurs when adults are unable to recall memories from their childhood. Although, this definition is still up for debate on whether or not childhood amnesia only occurs for adults, a specific gender, specific cross-cultural difference, or if the boundaries fluctuate over development (Macdonald et al., 2000; Peterson et al., 2000; Wang Peterson, 2014). While there are still many variablesRead MoreEssay On False Memory1409 Words   |  6 Pages False Memories are fundamentally, unintended human errors, which results in people having memories of events and situations that did not actually occur. It’s worth noting that in humans there are both true and false memories, these false memories occur when a mental experience is incorrectly taken to be a representation of a past event. For example, when people are asked to describe something that happened at a particular time, people rarely deliver accurate answers. Based on research, in eyewitness

The Long Watch By Robert Heinlein Essay - 1203 Words

Fifty percent of marriages end in divorce. Although studies vary across the board, roughly fifty percent of men and women will admit to committing infidelity at some point in their marriage. And while infidelity is not the only cause of divorce, it is certainly a top reason. A marriage is meant to be a lifelong commitment with another person, fully and completely. The presence of trust in any relationship is not only desired, but vital. Trust is utter confidence in the truth of someone, something, or some event. The knowledge of infidelity creates distrust and once said trust is lost, it is difficult - sometimes impossible- to gain back. Trust is earned, not given. Robert Heinlein’s â€Å"The Long Watch† demonstrates how distrust creates a society without function. Heinlein’s story suggests that distrust creates a non-functioning society by leading to lack of cooperation. Mostly discussed through the example of romantic relationships, distrust leads to uncooperativeness in any relationship because one party does not keep their commitments. When this occurs, the cooperation between the two or more parties is strained due to the inability to delegate and hold others responsible. Cooperation allows for division of labor to increase (Ludwig von Mises) which, therefore, enables society to function. When Heinlein was writing â€Å"The Long Watch†, President Harry S. Truman signed into effect the desegregation of the United States military by Executive Order 9981. Cooperation and obedienceShow MoreRelatedComparing 1984, The Long Watch and The Ones Walk Away from Omelas1215 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"1984,† â€Å"The Long Watch,† and â€Å"The Ones who walk away from Omelas† In â€Å"1984,† Orwell portrays Winston’s secret struggle to undermine the totalitarian rule of Big Brother and the Party in Oceania. The different government agencies, such as the Thought Police and Ministry of Love, exercise unrestricted totalitarian rule over people. Winston actively seeks to join the rebellion and acquire the freedoms undermined by the Party. On the other hand, Heinlein’s brief narrative, â€Å"The Long Watch,† depicts aRead MorePersonal Narrative : A Safer Way To Invest1347 Words   |  6 Pagespeople think of saving for retirement the first thing that comes to their minds is usually a 401(k), especially when some companies offer incentives. What most don’t know is there are other ways to save for retirement, ways that can benefit you in the long run. Although 401(K) may sound intriguing at first glance, a Money Market IRA in conjunction with a High-Yield Savings account will guarantee your retirement, will be upfront and hon est without all the hidden fees, and will be available to you to withdraw

Business Environment. Understanding the Organisational Purposes of Business Free Essays

Introduction In this assignment I am going to identify the purposes of different types of organisations, describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders and explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. I am also going to give examples based on my own personal experience. Identify the purposes of different types of organisation Business organisations can be divided mainly into two sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Environment. Understanding the Organisational Purposes of Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The private sector, which is formed by sole traders, partnerships, companies and franchises. The sole trader is the most popular form of business ownership. This kind of business is managed by only one individual who puts all of his savings and his time into making it a success. He is his own boss but it also has a negative aspect which is that he has to deal with a lot of responsibilities. For example window cleaning, plumbing. Partnerships can have between two and twenty partners. There can be exceptions for some forms of partnerships such as big accountancy firms whose partners also enjoy limited liability. This means that they can only loose the amount of money that they have invested even if the business goes bankrupt. E. g. vets, solicitors. Companies are owned by shareholders who choose Directors to give direction to the business. The Chief Executive has the responsibility of making the most important decisions. Specialist Managers will be appointed to run the company on behalf of the Board. Shareholders put funds into the company by buying shares. Every company must register with the Registrar of Companies, and must have an official address. Private companies have Ltd after their name. They are normally smaller than public companies. Shares in a private company can only be bought and sold with permission of the Board of Directors. Franchises are businesses in which someone gets formal permission given by a company to sell its goods or services in a particular area. The business policies have to be the same in every establishment. The franchise pays a sum of money as capital and the franchisor is responsible of the equipment. The first one must buy a certain amount of supplies from the econd in order to make sure that the quality of the product is the same as the original. This together with a percentage of the profits of the business goes to the franchisor. The advantages of Franchises are that they have a well-known name. For example McDonalds. The main aim of all of these private organisations is to make a profit. Other goals consist on having a good customer service, gaining a good reputation, offering quality product s, etc. Even when they do charity events these organisations earn a profit on the long run because of the positive publicity they obtain. This will make them increase their number of customers and make them look more competitive towards their rivals. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and businesses that are owned by government. A Public Limited Company has its shares traded on the Stock Exchange, which can make it win a large sum of money in a very short period of time. On the contrary the original shareholders could lose the control of the business if large quantities of shares are bought as part of a takeover. To create a Public Limited Company the directors must apply to the Stock Exchange Council, which will check the accounts. Non- Profit organisations receive donations or funds from groups or governments. All the money they earn from selling goods, which have usually been donated by the public, goes straight back into the organisation to improve the quality of their service. The aim of the public sector is not to generate a profit but also not to waste money just to generate enough to be able to continue with their community services. Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders A stakeholder is a person, group or organisation that has a direct or indirect stake in an organisation because it can affect or be affected by the organisations actions, objectives and policies. The following are different types of stakeholders which you could find in the private sector. Owners or shareholders who want the business to be a success because they have invested their own capital and expect to gain a profit out of it. An organisation has legal and moral obligations to its owners being the most important one to try and ensure that they receive an adequate return on their investment. Employees are a vital part of any organisation. In order for a business to succeed it needs to offer a nice working atmosphere and pay good wages to their employees to keep them motivated at the workplace. One way to achieve this is by implanting performance related bonuses which are usually related to the success of the business as a whole. In this case both parties will be satisfied with the end result. Unions. Their goal is to better the employees work conditions by trying to increase wages and secure jobs. Managers usually have a fluent verbal communication with the union’s spokesperson to avoid any conflicts that could occur if their demands are not materialised even if not completely in some way. Customers. A business has to know how to fulfil their customers’ needs which includes offering quality products at a reasonable price, that the goods they have gone to purchase are available because otherwise they will go to the competition to get them and that they receive good customer care. All of these factors will make the organisation have a fixed clientele because they will come back if the experience has been good and it will also make it gain customers thanks to the word of mouth recommendations. All of the above are primary stakeholders as they have some direct interest or stake in the organisation. Secondary stakeholders are public or special interest groups that do not have a direct stake in the organisation but are still affected by its operations. Some examples could be the local, state, and federal government, trade and industry groups, media, competitors, etc. Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them Organisations not only have moral and ethical responsibilities towards a range of stakeholders but also towards the wider community. The term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the responsibilities that modern business organisations have to create a healthy and prosperous society. They also have legal responsibilities which include consumer and product laws, environment laws and employment laws. These laws obligate the organisation to create new jobs, reduce contamination by for example using plastic bags that can be recycled, etc. nd at the same time they are doing something good for the community. Corporate Social Responsibility involves making sure that the organisations goods and services meet the customers’ demands and are provided in a fair way and also that they are involved in relevant sponsorship and humanitarian activities to help social development. Normally there are e ight main types of strategies in which an organisation can be involved with at any time: Growth involves the expansion of a business, its markets, products, size, etc. For an organisation to grow it needs to find up and coming markets where they will be able to make a profit. Stability involves a consolidation strategy for the organisation. There must be set guidelines so that the business can keep on working efficiently even if changes occur. Profitability. Gaining a profit is essential for nearly every organisation especially for the private sector where shareholders have a lot of influence. Efficiency consists on using the means the organisation has in the right way. It is an important strategy for public sector service organisations to demonstrate that the taxpayer’s money has been used properly. Market leadership strategies are about being the best in your market. The market leader can obtain cheaper stock because they buy larger amounts of it. Survival. In such a competitive business environment survival is the key to be able to continue advancing. Merger and acquisition makes the organisations benefit from the advantages of integration by for example gaining new customers. Globalisation strategies involve expanding internationally to countries where normally the cost of production is lower and this will make them gain a larger profit. Based on my personal experience in the private sector in which I have worked for McDonalds and for El Corte Ingles I have observed several differences. On the one hand, McDonalds which is a franchise, pays the minimum wage and their clientele is formed by the working class. On the other hand, El Corte Ingles, which is the first distribution group of Spain in the sales volume sector and is formed by eighty department stores all over the Spanish territory. The wages are higher than in McDonalds and the products they offer are usually select. For this reason customers range from middle to upper class. Both are commercial organisations which means that their income must be bigger than their expenses. Conclusion In conclusion I have learnt that for an organisation to be successful it needs to adapt to the current situation and has to develop new strategies to be able to compete with rivals. Offering quality products at a reasonable price will make customers buy more which will activate the economy and the organisation will still gain a profit. References The Times 100 Business case studies. Revision theory – Strategy theory. www. businesscasestudies. co. uk VCE IT Lecture Notes – Organisational goals. www. vceit. com : How to cite Business Environment. Understanding the Organisational Purposes of Business, Papers

Shakespeare The Winters Tale Essay Example For Students

Shakespeare: The Winters Tale Essay The Winters Tale is a play of extremes of character, mood and genre, the play therefore cannot easily be categorised. As a result, in considering a question such as this we must be conscious of the fact that we are measuring the comic elements relative value against, for example, the tragic or romantic sides of the play. The comedy must therefore be gauged in the context of the piece as a whole. Contextually, comedy was of course very important in contemporary live performance as it is today on stage. It is often easy to forget that a playwright can and will blend genres, a technique that modern critics will often explain away as a method to increase tension. For example, it has been said that the comedy of the drunken porter in Macbeth does not vitiate but rather increases the tragic momentum. 1 These sorts of effect are undoubtedly achieved; this fact does not however diminish the spontaneous comic value of a moment in a live performance. The term tragicomedy has been has been employed to describe The Winters Tale and plays similar in genre-structure to, such as Pericles, Prince of Tyre. These plays tend to have more than just a glimpse of relieving comedy; the humour usually has a significant role in the development of the play and its ideas. Shakespeare conforms to his own, and classical tradition, with his approach to seasonal changes, in fortune, No enemy / But winter and rough weather2, and tone as the plot progresses into the fourth act of The Winters Tale. The court of Sicilia is the setting for the tragic suspicions of Leontes; the subsequent flight of Polixenes and Camillo; the trial of Hermione and the fates of the two children, Mamillius and Perdita. The playwright designates Sicilia to be the land that is set in the audiences mind as wintry, bleak and ill fortuned in the first three acts of the play. The second episode, in the pastoral setting of the Bohemian countryside contradicts the harsh tragedy of Sicilia, by introducing shepherds, clowns, rogues and young lovers. Shakespeares introduction of these stock comic figures, classically optimistic images and his adoption of the pastoral backdrop is as formulaic as a fairy tale, which is indeed the effect the playwright is trying to create. The only real humour in Sicilia is Mamillius playful flirtation with the first and second ladies in the first scene of the second act. His elaborately adult description, I learned it out of womens faces, of what he believes to be eyebrows that become women best is childishly amusing but can be seen as little more than a playful mock, perhaps ingratiating Mamillius with the audience before his tragic death. It could be said that this image of a comic child in an extremely grown-up and humourless environment is meant to look out of place. Perhaps Shakespeares vision of childhood is meant for that of the carefree Bohemian countryside, not that of the central pressure of being heir to the Sicilian throne. His playful admission that A sad tales best for winter shows his regular childish love of fantasy. However this also perhaps suggests the imprint of adult time restrictions on his young mind and his love for spring and humour, trapped inside the bleak, grown-up winter of jealousy and deception is not a just place for the young prince. It could be said that much of the humour in Bohemia derives from a childish sense of comedy that is lacking in Sicilia. Childhood could be seen as the spring of life, where comedy and vivacity prevail over responsibility. Autolycus of course possesses a certain air of a timeless traveller and Peter Pan-esque, ever-young quality that can easily be associated with childhood. The optimism and comedy in fact truly begin with Perditas survival and adoption; this ensures for an audience that the play is not destined for misery but for a new beginning, thou metst with things dying, I with things newborn. The babys discovery by the Old Shepherd is comic given his rural innocence and admiration for the child, A very pretty bairn-a boy, or a child, I wonder? The shepherds soliloquy is completely opposite in nature to those of Leontes in the first three acts of the play. Where Leontes are to convey his true jealousy, the shepherds takes on an almost pantomimic form. The monologue is suggestive, some behind door work, appealing to the sexual humour of the audience and the words are dialectic and endearing, This is fairy gold, boy, and twill prove so. The shepherds overall appeal is his discursive, humorous relationship he quickly forms and maintains with the audience when in soliloquy. Both the clown and the shepherd are emphatically simplistic in their speech and story telling. How does Shakespeare create dramatic impact in Act 1 Scene 5 EssayHowever, many other things get better than was previously thought possible superseding expectation, Hermiones reanimation, Perditas return and the kings forgiveness. The two main people involved in the maintenance of these circles are Autolycus and Paulina who both conform to the unavoidable cycle that is Apollos oracle. The oracles unrealistic and almost comically blunt message, Leontes is a jealous tyrant, stays true in its prophecies throughout the play. Autolycus can be seen as a funnier but less persistent Paulina, O Hermione, / As every time doth boast itself. His oblivious introduction to the management of preordained fates, to which he is an involuntary aid, is very godlike in the true Greek sense of the word: lethargic, selfish and inherently humorous. His dishonesty is laughable just as a personified ancient gods might be, but his role in the bringing together of the final reunion is irreplaceable. I believe Shakespeare is making some sort of ironic social comment about the value of nobility in his treatment of the predominantly lower-class comedy. Perditas unquestionable grace is developed and honed as a shepherds daughter but her blood is noble. Autolycus has also served Prince Florizel but his humour and roguish charm come from his experience of the real world. On top of these good rural qualities, comedy and light-heartedness illuminate an optimistic charm that Shakespeare implies cannot exist in the tight, noble atmosphere of Sicilia. Despite portraying Bohemia as a land of clowns and buffoons, the playwright praises their freedom of expression in music, dance and art without the stilted contrivance of Sicilia. Shakespeare also values the comedy as a release of the tension of the first three acts but also as an adverse perspective on how everyone else lives. To contrast the tragic format of previous, predominantly serious plays of focusing on a short period of time, the playwright expands the time period the piece occupies and concentrates on the lives of other characters in other locations. In doing this he removes some of the weight from the tragic episode. This technique of using humour and tragedy, a so-called tragicomedy, therefore gives an audience more scope, more themes and genres to concentrate on. The employment of the comedy provides not only humour in itself but a positive realisation that life is not focused around negativity but spread over many moods and feelings, where laughter and optimism can prevail, as The Winters Tale has been said to have achieved. The impression on an audience after watching a production of the play is of course not one purely of the dangers of unwarranted jealousy in a position of power, but is amongst other things, a tale of redemption, reconciliation, vagabondage and good humour. The sharp edge of the inexplicable rage is blunted by the comedy, but is not devalued by it. The comic moments are to introduce the things that really matter to Shakespeare in his last plays, reunion and re-growth. Shakespeares final moment in the play requires that we do awake our faith. In order for this sort of faith to be realised, a radical, unrealistic sense of humour must have been established in, and have remained on our minds by through the events of the fourth act. The penultimate acts gradual introduction to unconventional ideas allows us to laugh at them in comedy to prepare for Hermiones awakening, which, without the fourth acts careful preparation with humour, might seem funny when it is clearly not supposed to be. Comedy aids the play in its plot on a character level, on our understanding of the plays message and how the ending can plausibly come about. We must remember that Shakespeare is also catering for a live audience in his use of the humour but is also exploring the fabric of reconciliation and forgiveness. In my opinion, the major artifice or leap of faith cannot be taken seriously without the audience adopting what one could call a sense of humour, that is to say an open mind and an ability to mentally break convention. In order to have this ability to leave behind the pretence of the final scene of the play, an audiences mind has to have been nurtured by the comic elements in the fourth act. This nurturing leads to an admission on the audiences part that this play is a work of art and must be accepted and appreciated as just that.